Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are complex systems that integrate computation, networking, and physical processes. In CPS, embedded computers and networks monitor and control physical processes, with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa. These systems are characterized by a tight coupling between their cyber and physical components, enabling a high degree of automation, control, and monitoring. Unlike traditional embedded systems, CPS are typically networked and their behavior is a result of the interaction between a multitude of distributed elements.
The term "cyber-physical systems" was coined by Helen Gill at the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the United States in the mid-2000s. The concept, however, builds upon decades of research in embedded systems, control theory, and robotics. The development of CPS as a distinct field of study was driven by the increasing complexity and interconnectedness of modern technological systems, and the need for a unified approach to their design and analysis. The NSF has since identified CPS as a key area of research, funding numerous projects to advance the field.
CPS are becoming increasingly prevalent and are at the heart of many modern technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), smart grids, autonomous vehicles, medical monitoring devices, and advanced manufacturing (Industry 4.0). They are transforming various sectors by enabling unprecedented levels of efficiency, safety, and reliability. For example, in transportation, CPS are used in autonomous driving and air traffic control systems. In healthcare, they enable remote patient monitoring and robotic surgery. The development of CPS is a multidisciplinary effort, requiring expertise in computer science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and other related fields.